How to buy a car

With the car the sales contract (private) is no witch work, however you must consider some points

With the car the sales contract (private) is no witchcraft, however, you must consider some points.

The decision has been made. According to long search and price comparison you have finally decided on a vehicle. No matter if the old car has a total loss or it was simply time again for a new car, the investment in a vehicle always presents buyers with new challenges challenges. But also for sellers there are some things to consider.

The car trade is a highly competitive market. Here are commercial and private providers. Especially the increase in online trading has once again brought movement to the car market in recent years. On internet portals private individuals and businessmen offer their cars for sale. the used car dealer buys old cars for foreign customers. young parents get advice on a family car at the dealership. Every day hundreds of vehicles change their owner.

private sellers in particular are often faced with the question of how they can. -sales must go ahead. The contract law is very complex and if you don’t get the right information in advance, you may end up making a mistake mistakes that later become expensive. For example, how to exclude the warranty for the car in the purchase contract (private)? This guide informs you about the most important points in a car sales contract, explains the legal basics and gives them tips to the hand, with which you can change the ownership of motor vehicles legally secure can make.

Sample contract of sale for a car

sample car purchase contract

Sample sales contract for download

On car purchase.Org you can download a sample contract of sale for a car for free.

  • The sample is available as a PDF file as well as a word document.
  • The download is free.

Please note, that the purchase contract is a sample that you should not use inappropriately.

FAQ: car purchase contract

Our sample shows you what a car purchase agreement should look like.

This is only permissible if it is a private car purchase. a dealer may not exclude liability as a rule.

Find out here if you can withdraw from a car purchase contract.

specific advice on the subject of "car purchase contract

You should thoroughly check the car purchase contract for a used car from a private person

What should the sales contract for a used car actually look like?? This question is asked by many people who buy or sell a car privately. Our guide gives you an overview of the most important contents and provides you with a free sample for download. » read more.

Selling a car as a self-employed person: The sales contract must be drawn up as a person acting in a commercial capacity

Everyone who sells their vehicle should draw up a written purchase contract. Self-employed persons and entrepreneurs who wish to sell their car, which is mainly used for commercial purposes, have to observe special regulations. Learn more about this topic here. » read on.

Both parties should thoroughly check the purchase contract for an accident vehicle

You can’t always tell by looking at a vehicle that it has already been involved in an accident. After repair, it can look like new again. However, when selling a car that has been involved in an accident, you must inform the buyer of the following damages. Certain things must also be stated in the purchase contract. What you have to pay attention to, you will learn here. » read more.

If you wish to draw up a preliminary contract when buying a car privately, there are a number of things to bear in mind

There are situations in which interested parties cannot immediately sign the final purchase contract for a vehicle. If you still don’t want to have your dream car snatched away from you, you have the option of drawing up a so-called pre-contract. What is to be considered, they read here. » read on.

New car: you can withdraw from the purchase contract if certain conditions are met

In germany, the assumption that withdrawal from the car purchase contract within 14 days is not a problem. However, this is a mistake. Rather, certain conditions must be met if you want to return a vehicle. Learn more about this topic in this guidebook. » read on.

Even a simple purchase contract for a car must follow applicable law. Despite a great deal of creative freedom

Even a simple contract of sale of a car must follow the applicable law. In spite of great freedom of design.

Contractual freedom in the car purchase contract

By virtue of the Basic Law, freedom of contract is guaranteed according to article 2 abs. 1 GG protected. Accordingly, everyone is entitled to freedom to determine the contractual partner and the content of the contract. However, neither applicable law, legal prohibitions nor the good morals are violated. This freedom of contract is ultimately also the basis of every purchase contract for a car concluded in germany.

Part of the freedom of contract are the freedom of conclusion, content, form and cancellation. As freedom of conclusion is understood as the right to freely choose whether or not to enter into a contract. However, this freedom may be restricted by certain legal regulations. A partial aspect is also the freedom of choice of partner, which gives you the right to choose your contractual partner freely. This means that you do not have the right to sell your car to every prospective buyer. sellers have to accept.

You can also contents of a contract, as long as the subject matter of the contract is not subject to a type constraint, design freely. The so-called freedom of content thus grants you the possibility of drawing up contracts on the most diverse subject matters. As long as you parties to the contract agree and applicable laws are taken into account, this is legal. This principle also applies to the sale of a car by means of a written contract.

This becomes clear with car auctions, where a contract for the purchase of a car is concluded by a show of hands with a highest bid. At online purchase this is done by mouse-click. Another partial aspect of freedom of contract is the freedom of cancellation. This indicates that it is your right to reject concluded contracts to be dissolved again. This is the case if you have the rescission of the purchase contract declare for a car.

When you buy a car resp. If you want to sell your company, you should always keep in mind the freedom of contract with its partial aspects. the contract for the sale of a car falls under the category of the sale contracts. The following should also be mentioned exchange and gift. The latter constitutes a asymmetrical contract because the donee is not obligated to make a counter-performance. In the sense of freedom of contract, however, a gift can also be rejected.

When signing a contract for the purchase of a car, the provisions should be known, otherwise it will quickly become expensive if mistakes are made

With the sales contract for a car the regulations should be known, otherwise it becomes fast expensive with mistakes.

What do these legal principles say about the contract of sale of a car??

If you wish to conclude a contract for the purchase of a car, it is your free decision, who you accept as a contracting party. Just because someone has the money, you don’t have to sell to them. The situation is different in the case of auctions, in which the seller only little influence can take on the selection of the buyer. Furthermore you are allowed to choose yourself whether you want to in writing, verbally or conclude it in another form.

In the case of a car purchase contract, the content can be freely drafted. This means that agreements on price, installment payment, delivery or any other subject on the agreement of the contracting parties are based. as long as applicable law is observed and both parties agree, the contracts are valid. you are also allowed to cancel purchase contracts for a car.

In summary, there is no legal rule on how to sell your car or how to buy it. Purchase must. Nevertheless, certain norms established. Verbal contracts often have the disadvantage, that they difficult to prove are. If a legal dispute arises, it is possible that individual agreements no longer traceable. Then it is testimony against testimony – a stalemate situation. More security is offered by the written form. For larger sums, such as a car, the purchase contract should therefore always be recorded in writing become.

car purchase and sale contract

In principle, the purchase contract and the sale contract are the same documents. In terms of content, the transition from one contractual party to another is regulated. Both parties receive a largely identical document, the signed by buyer and seller will. A simple contract for the purchase of a car contains information about the parties to the contract, the vehicle and the terms and conditions of the contract, e.g. the price of the vehicle. B. The price.

The parties to the contract are specified in the purchase agreement for a car name with address, date of birth and identity card or. passport number listed. This is the only way to establish beyond doubt who is concluding the transaction. always have the show identity card, if the contracting party is a natural person and compare the data. In addition, both parties should already the 18. age of majority have so that you are fully capable of contracting. If this is not the case, they should be power of attorney of the legal representative demand. It also makes sense to exchange the telephone number, if this has not been done in advance.

Also the car as an object of sale should be clearly assignable. It is usual, in the purchase contract corresponding information to make. These are:

  • Manufacturer
  • Vehicle type
  • Official license plate
  • vehicle identification number (vehicle registration document)
  • Number of the registration certificate part 2 (vehicle title)
  • Date of the next general inspection
  • Date of first registration

Contract of sale of the car: if an accident car is to be sold, the buyer must be informed of this fact

Contract of sale of the car: if an accident car is to be sold, the buyer must be informed of this fact.

In the car purchase contract should also be the condition of the car be described. If no guarantee of condition is given, the vehicle can also be sold "as is. Private sellers who sell their car can include in the contract the exclude any warranty required by law.

If you do not do this, you are two years long in the liability for material defects. commercial sellers this is only possible if they deliver the car to a commercial buyer. In the contract for the sale of the car should also be some words about the contract modalities be lost.

What is the amount to be paid (purchase price) and how will it be paid by the buyer?? If a payment in installments agreed, this agreement should be part of the document or. An appropriate contract should be drawn up. Set deadlines! Also the rights and obligations of each party must be recorded.

Were all necessary documents handed over? How many keys did the buyer receive? Are there special agreements? When selling a car, everything should be stated in the contract. Verbal agreements, which were not recorded in writing, are difficult to prove later.

What should you pay attention to as a buyer?

In order to avoid unpleasant surprises you should pay attention to the following things:

  • Compare the data from identity card or passport with whom in the contract of sale of the car.
  • witness: look at the car in the presence of another person and use the offer of a test drive.
  • Have a power of attorney show if the seller not the owner is.
  • check important documents. vehicle documents and the last inspection report of the HU give you information about the condition of the car.
  • Accessories: in the purchase contract for the car must be additional equipment and accessories fully listed will.
  • The warranty for the vehicle car insurance passes to you with the purchase, should it not have been cancelled beforehand.
  • If necessary, organize short-term license platefor the transfer.

What should you pay attention to as a seller?

Before you give your old vehicle into new hands, some conditions should be met:

  • The buyer must of age be or a power of attorney as well as bring an identity card of a legal guardian to the date of sale.
  • The data from identity card or passport must be identical with those in the purchase contract.
  • For the test drive the buyer needs validdriver’s license.
  • Do not conceal any defects!accident damage, even if they were only minor, according to the applicable law, the buyer notified become.
  • agree to a payment method. Common methods of payment are cash and bank transfer.
  • vehicle documents should not be handed over until the purchase price has been paid paid in full was or. If you really trust the buyer.
  • Inform the registration office and their insurance immediately the sale of the car. copy the notice of sale. Agree on the following as a side agreement re-registration of the car within a set period in the purchase contract for the car.
  • If, despite the sale, the car is not re-registered, it is possible that you will be up to one year car taxes and insurance premiums must pay. it is best to register the car together with the buyer at the nearest registration office or deregister the car before handing it over.

When buying a car, all documents should be checked for correctness before signing

When buying a car, all documents should be checked for correctness before signing.

Which documents are important for the buyer?

Before you sign a purchase contract for a passenger car (private or commercial), you should examine all important documents or. take delivery.

  • registration certificate part 1 (formerly vehicle registration document)
    only registered vehicles have a vehicle registration certificate, for deregistered vehicles the deregistration certificate must be presented.
  • registration certificate part 2 (formerly vehicle title)
    with the purchase the new owner receives the registration certificate part 2. It is the title deed and should always be kept in a safe place. If the seller is not registered here, a power of attorney with the owner’s identity card must be available – both should be copied.
    Do the details in the registration documents match the vehicle?? If the chassis number is correct?
  • Inspection report of the last main inspection (HU)
    together with the sale, the last inspection certificate must also be handed over to the buyer. It serves as proof of the main inspection and provides important information about the condition of the vehicle. Check whether the vehicle has actually been repaired as requested. Keep the inspection certificate until the next inspection. Be careful if a new HU is due soon. This would indicate that the seller wants to get rid of the car because of defects.
  • inspection checkbook
    all inspections have been carried out? If the document is complete, the vehicle has been well maintained. Make sure that everything has been stamped correctly. If there is no checkbook for the car, workshop invoices can serve as proof.
  • user manual and electronic confirmation of insurance (liability insurance)

Dealers and other commercial sellers may not exclude liability in the purchase contract for the used car

dealers and other commercial sellers are not allowed to exclude liability in the purchase contract for the used car.

contract of sale for a car: commercial supplier

It makes a big difference whether you have a car sales contract from private to private or whether it has been repaired by an authorized dealer commercial supplier purchase a vehicle. Although the used car from dealer are often more expensive, there is a big advantage compared to private purchase. Commercial sellers are subject to the legal warranty obligation. "bought as seen" is a common trick of "black sheep", but they are still obligated, if after the purchase of the goods, the buyer has to pay the price material defects exist. In court, this clause, even if it has made it into the purchase contract for the car, does not exist.

The warranty is valid for two years, but the dealer can contractually can be shortened to one year. Even if in the purchase contract hobbyist vehicle is spoken, the right to warranty is valid. It is important for a commercial seller to state the condition of the car in the contract exactly to describe in order not to be able to be taken in recourse later on.

Warranty obligation in the contract of sale of a car

the warranty is regulated in § 437 of the German civil code (BGB). It states:

  1. Demand subsequent performance in accordance with § 439,
  2. According to §§ 440, 323 and 326 abs. 5 withdraw from the contract or reduce the purchase price according to § 441 and
  3. According to §§ 440, 280, 281, 283 and 311a claim for damages or according to § 284 compensation for wasted expenses.

the seller is required by law to provide an defect free item to hand over. If, for example, he delivers a vehicle that has material defects, he has not fulfilled his obligation contractual obligation not yet fulfilled. So he still has to do this. For the buyer, this leads to a claim for subsequent performance from. He may elimination of a defect within a period specified by him deadline demand. It is also the right of the seller to rectify a defect by rectification or replacement to repair.

Commercial sellers must be liable for material defects for two years when purchasing a car

commercial sellers must be liable for material defects for two years in the contract of sale of a car.

In the case of a passenger car, the elimination of the defect is usually done in the assumption of repair costs exist. Are these costs disproportionately high, the seller can also refuse the repair and if possible for the contract object compensation deliver. In the case of a used car, this is often not possible. Nevertheless, the buyer may decide whether the subsequent performance by rectification (z. B. repair) or by replacement.

Finally, the buyer has impossibility of subsequent improvement the right to reduction of purchase price or withdraw from the purchase contract for the car altogether. Then the seller must return the money paid and take back the defective vehicle. The basic principle in German law is that whoever does not provide a service cannot expect a service in return. This means that if the buyer does not pay, he has no right to the car from the purchase contract. The rights and obligations are therefore valid on both sides.

In the case of a contract for the sale of a used car, the obligation to provide a warranty can also lead to a reduction in the purchase price claims for damages damage occurs, if it is caused by the non-performance in the limited period or. In case of impossibility of subsequent performance loss of profit comes. Also in case of withdrawal from the purchase contract can there be claims for damages.

In the contract of sale of a car you must take into account the transfer of risk!

The term "transfer of risk" is a concept from civil law and describes the point in time at which the risk of accidental deterioration or. The loss passes from the seller to the buyer. According to § 446 BGB is the time of the driving or. transfer of risk by the transfer the thing determined. The passing of the risk takes place even if the buyer in the default of acceptance is, for example, the vehicle not collect the goods at the agreed time.

With the handover of the sold item the risk of accidental loss and accidental deterioration passes to the buyer. From the moment of handover, the buyer is entitled to the use and bears the costs of the goods. The handover is the same if the buyer is in default of acceptance.

why is the transfer of risk so important?

The seller is no longer liable for damage to the car after handover. In terms of warranty, the buyer is only responsible for defects that have already been discovered before transfer of risk have passed. In the event of default of acceptance, i.e. if the buyer fails to collect the vehicle at the agreed time, the seller is only liable for the damages that he has intentionally or. Negligent brought about. If, for example, the car is repaired after the transfer of risk from the locked if the garage of the seller is stolen, the seller does not have to deliver the car later. The buyer must nevertheless full purchase price pay.

For the seller, the moment of delivery is decisive in the contract of sale of the car. After that, the buyer is liable for damages

For the seller in the contract of sale of the car the moment of delivery is decisive. The buyer is liable for damages thereafter.

The handover date is therefore very important. If the vehicle is delivered, the risk is transferred from the seller to the buyer at the time when the seller delivers it at the forwarder delivers. If there is an accident during the delivery, the buyer bears the damage. Therefore, it is advisable for expensive objects, to insured shipping to exist. It is also not mandatory for the transfer of risk that the purchase is completed.

Even if the total amount has not yet been paid by the buyer, the risk passes as soon as the buyer has possession of the vehicle freely dispose can. Even if the seller with retention of title, so if the ownership is only transferred with full payment, sold, the handover of the vehicle is the decisive time.

Contract of sale of a car: the factory contract

The contract for work is similar to the contract for the purchase of a car very similar. Here the contractor undertakes z. B. The authorized dealer gives the customer a to produce a defect-free vehicle and to be delivered. As a rule, a contract for work and services is concluded if a new car ordered, for example, from the car dealer. Customers have the possibility to configure an ordered vehicle according to their own wishes and needs. At the time of the order, the vehicle does not yet exist.

In § 631 BGB is written to the work contract:

(1) under the contract for work and services, the contractor is obligated to produce the promised work, and the customer is obligated to pay the agreed remuneration.
(2) the object of the contract for work and services can be both the manufacture or modification of an object and another result to be achieved by means of work or service.

The authorized dealer undertakes to repair the vehicle in the contractually agreed time limit free of defects and in accordance with the agreed specifications to create. The orderer assures that he will deliver the vehicle to be manufactured also accepts and pays for.

If the ordered car has defects after delivery or if it does not comply with the agreed condition, for example, because it has been painted in the wrong color, the buyer can demand a replacement rectification of defects within a set period of time demand. also the new production can be demanded. If the contractor does not rectify the defect within the appropriate period, the customer can demand the rectification of the defect self-initiate and to have the expenses reimbursed by the contractor.

However, he can also, if announced, with the expiry of the time limit for rectification the reduce the price or claim damages for non-performance request. As a rule, until the delivery of the new car the right to terminate contract. This is regulated in § 649 of the German Civil Code (BGB). In this case, the contractor must still be paid a certain amount for his expenses.

Section 649 describes this as follows:

The customer may terminate the contract at any time until completion of the work. If the customer cancels the contract, the contractor is entitled to demand the agreed remuneration; however, he must take into account any expenses saved as a result of the cancellation of the contract or which he acquires or maliciously refrains from acquiring through the use of his labor elsewhere. It is presumed that the contractor is entitled to 5 percent of the agreed remuneration for the part of the work not yet performed.

Car purchase contract: what are defects?

Legally, the law of sale distinguishes between material defects and defects of title distinguished.

Legal defects in the purchase contract for a car

A defect of title exists if, for example, the seller sells a vehicle to which he has no property owns. In the case of a stolen car there is therefore a defect of title. The buyer must hand over the vehicle to the person who has stolen it and demand from the thief his to compensate for the damage caused have. So if the rights of third parties are violated in the sale of a vehicle or a person is not entitled to sell, it is usually a defect of title.

If liability is not excluded in the purchase contract for a used car, the statutory warranty obligation applies for two years

If liability is not excluded in the purchase contract for a used car, the statutory warranty obligation applies for two years.

In § 435 BGB it says:

The thing is free from defects of title if third parties cannot assert any rights or only the rights assumed in the purchase contract against the buyer with regard to the thing. It is equivalent to a defect of title if a right is registered in the land register that does not exist.

Contract of sale for a car: material defects

From the legislator seven different types of material defects differentiated. For the purchase of a car, three are particularly important. In the purchase contract for a used motor vehicle, for example, the condition described. Is it an accident car? Is there any paint damage or other damage to the vehicle?? If there is nothing written in the purchase contract, the car is free of material defects if it is suitable for the use presupposed by the contract or. For the normal use suitable.

Section 434 of the German Civil Code describes material defects in detail:

  1. If it is suitable for the use presupposed by the contract, otherwise
  2. If it is suitable for normal use and has a condition that is usual for items of the same type and that the buyer can expect according to the nature of the item.

For the purchase contract of the car, inspection reports of the HU and inspection checkbooks are helpful for the vehicle evaluation

For the purchase contract of the car, inspection reports of the main inspection and inspection checkbooks are helpful for the evaluation of the vehicle.

If a used car is to be sold by means of a sales contract, it is quite sensible that the condition or. to specify the condition of the vehicle in the contract. Especially in the case of so-called scrap vehicles, which are not roadworthy, the seller is well advised to describe the condition of the car in the contract.

A dealer or. Contractor must be liable for material defects at least one year liability. However, he is only responsible for the defects that are at the time of transfer of risk so for vehicle handover already existed have. It is not entitled in the purchase contract for the car to exclude the warranty altogether. The legally prescribed period of two years can be limited to one year in the contract. Is written in the contract of sale of used car nothing in addition, the legal period of 24 months applies.

Buyers must always give the dealer the opportunity to rectify a material defect to be repaired by yourself. So you can’t just go to the next best repair shop and send the repair bill to the dealer. In case of substantial defects and according to repeated as well as unsuccessful repair attempts however, they are allowed to reduce price or. A rescission of the purchase contract declare for the car. Then the transaction must be reversed.

For a rescission of the purchase contract, therefore, a substantial material defect present, which is so serious that it is considered to unreasonable applies. A small dent does not necessarily have to satisfy this principle, as long as the roadworthiness of the car continues to exist. Often it is a minor damage, which can be repaired by the buyer with little effort. According to established case law, a substantial material defect exists if the removal would reduce the value by five percent of the purchase price exceeds.

In the first six months, the reverse burden of proof also applies. It is assumed that damage that becomes apparent in the first six months already existed at the time of the handover. the seller must repair the damage or prove that it occurred after the transfer of risk. After the six months, the buyer must prove that the material defect already existed at the time of handover.

If you conclude a purchase contract for a car on the Internet, there is no right of withdrawal for private sellers

If you conclude a purchase contract for a car on the internet, then there is no right of revocation with private sellers.

Avoiding risks: purchase contract for a used motor vehicle

Private individuals usually sell only their used car. Thereby it often only plays a subordinate role, whether you reach a potential buyer by advertisement or by online portal. There is no right of revocation with private sellers. Nevertheless, a purchase contract for a used car (private) must be drawn up carefully.

Private car sale by contract: exclusion of warranty

If you want to sell your old car, you should definitely conclude a purchase contract for the used car in writing to avoid any unpleasant surprises later on. Especially if you are acting as a private vendor, this is the only way to ensure the exclude statutory warranty. However, you may not maliciously conceal. The BGB expresses itself in § 444 clearly:

the seller cannot rely on an agreement which excludes or limits the buyer’s rights because of a defect, if the seller has fraudulently concealed the defect or has given a warranty for the quality of the item.

In the contract of sale of the car you should write that the vehicle is used is and extensively inspected was. In addition, all information you provide about the vehicle must be truthful. You should write the disclaimer formally correct formulate. usually succeeds, if this is in a nutshell will be delivered to. If you make a mistake in the wording, the disclaimer may be invalidated ineffective be. If you declare that the car is as good as new, traces of use may constitute a defect. However, if you describe defects and deficiencies correctly, there is no claim no claim to rectification.

A correct disclaimer in a car sales contract should read as follows: "i exclude any liability for material defects." more is not really needed. This already expresses that also for hidden defects no liability is assumed.

Should you more often execute a car purchase contract (private) and use the wording several times, it gets the status of a general terms and conditions (GTC). In this case, for the sake of legal certainty, you should rather use the expand text. Better use the wording: "i exclude any liability for material defects. the liability for damages due to bodily injury as well as gross negligence or intent remains unaffected."

Before signing a contract for the purchase of a car, a test drive is recommended

Before signing the contract for the purchase of a car it is recommended to make a test drive.

Contract for the sale of a car: private seller

A contract of sale for a car from private to private is actually not witchcraft. If you are honest with the buyer, you usually have nothing to fear. You may defects do not fraudulently conceal. Enter no guarantees of quality, which do not correspond to the truth. If the vehicle is an accident car, you cannot guarantee that it is accident free.

All known defects should stipulated in the contract and in addition, it should be stated that the vehicle is used and has been extensively inspected. In addition, the correctly formulated disclaimer in the contract of sale of the car. If the buyer signs the contract, nothing else should go wrong.

Is not also a verbal contract sufficient when selling a car from private? In the sense of the freedom of contract you may also sell a car without a written contract selling privately. As a proof the account statement with the receipt of payment is sufficient, respectively. A receipt. This procedure is not advisable, because as a seller you bear the whole risk risk. Never sell a car privately without a contract, even if you know the buyer personally. Without explicit exclusion, the legal warranty obligation applies.

Whether the car is delivered registered or unregistered is the decision of the seller. If you have confidence in the buyer, you can leave the vehicle registered. However, you should then note the date and time. If the vehicle is used to commit an offence such as a red light violation, you can prove that you were not the driver. In addition, they are still tax or. you have to insure the car if the buyer does not register your old car immediately.

In the contract of sale of a car, short-term license plates are necessary for the passage

In the contract for the purchase of a car short term license plates are necessary for the passage.

It is safer to vehicle to be deregistered before. But then you should also inform the buyer about this, so that he can still make an short term license plate efforts can be. Alternatively, you can also re-register directly after the purchase together carry out at the nearest registration office.

Before signing a private car purchase contract, buyers should make sure that they have a test drive exist. Experienced drivers immediately recognize when something is wrong with the vehicle. During the test drive, pay attention to squeaking and knocking noises. Test brakes, clutch and all lights. CONTROL oil level. If the car runs smoothly and starts quickly? don’t be afraid to take a friend, relative or acquaintance you would call an expert along for a test drive. Maybe something will catch his eye.

Sellers should allow test drive. In the car market this is common practice. Best to accompany the potential buyer. If you have immobilized the car in advance, you should early take care of short-term license plates, so that the car is approved for public roads is and has insurance. If the vehicle is damaged during the test drive, the test driver must pay for the damage.

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Christina Cherry
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