How 16 Explorers Who Changed the World Paid For Their Expeditions

Explorers are passionate people who set out to conquer new territory, open trade routes, stake out new settlements and learn about the world around us — and in outer space.

Exploring couldn’t have come cheap, however. How did these navigators get the funding to survive long treks and go places nobody had ever been before … or even knew existed? See how the deep purses of royal treasuries, personal wealth and the help of investors went a long way for many of these intrepid explorers.

Ferdinand Magellan

• Location explored: Whole world
• Dates: 1519-1521
• Source of funding: King Charles I of Spain

In the early 1500s, the young Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan wanted to play a role in the booming spice trade around the world. Refusing funds by King Manuel of his native Portugal, the seaworthy Magellan moved to Spain and married a Spanish woman. There, he sought — and won — funding from Spain’s King Charles I.

On Aug. 10, 1519, he set out with four ships and 270 crewmen. Magellan died en route, and only 18 men eventually returned to Spain with their spice-laden cargo in 1522.

A particularly dangerous strait of South American water is named the Strait of Magellan after him. He’s also said to have named the Pacific Ocean.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

• Location explored: American West
• Dates: 1804-1806
• Sources of funding: President Thomas Jefferson; U.S. Congress

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson asked Congress to finance a survey of some of the 827,000 square miles of land in the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. He entrusted this task to his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, who recruited his former military buddy, William Clark, for the assignment.

In 1804, they set out on the now-famous Lewis and Clark expedition. Over the next two years, they explored more than 8,000 miles of the American West, while being aided by the Shoshone woman Sacagawea, who acted as a translator for them.

Neil Armstrong

• Location explored: Moon
• Dates: 1969
• Source of funding: NASA budget from Congress

In the late 1950s, the United States began to compete with Russia to put an astronaut into space. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched the Apollo 11 Mission on July 16, 1969, with three astronauts on board: Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong, an American engineer and astronaut, was the first man to step foot on the moon. Aldrin followed shortly after.

Charles Darwin

• Location explored: South America
• Dates: 1831-1836
• Source of funding: Robert FitzRoy, captain of the ship HMS Beagle

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist. In 1831, Darwin was invited by Capt. Robert FitzRoy to serve as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle, which was sailing to South America.

From August 1831 through 1836, Darwin sailed and charted his observations and theories of over 1,500 specimens. In 1859, he published his most famous work, “Origin of Species,” which fundamentally changed how scientists thought about evolution.

Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay

• Locations explored: Mt. Everest, Himalayas
• Date: May 29, 1953
• Sources of funding: The Joint Himalayan Committee of the Alpine Club of Great Britain; the Royal Geographical Society

In 1953, Edmund Hillary, an experienced glacial mountain climber and beekeeper in his native New Zealand, was asked to join the British expedition to climb to the summit of Mt. Everest, which sits between Tibet and Nepal. The expedition was funded by the Joint Himalayan Committee of the Alpine Club of Great Britain and the Royal Geographical Society and led by Sir John Hunt.

Hillary and the Tibetan sherpa Tenzing Norgay were the first two to make it to the true summit at 11:30 a.m. on May 29, 1953.

Amelia Earhart

On June 1, 1937, Earhart and her friend Fred Noonan set out to circumnavigate the world. After flying over 22,000 miles, she was last seen refueling on Lae, New Guinea, with the intention of flying to Howland Island. Her disappearance is considered one of the great mysteries of the world.

Henry Hudson

• Location explored: Hudson Bay
• Dates: 1607-1611
• Sources of funding: Muscovy Company; Dutch East India Company

Despite being called one of the world’s most famous explorers, little is known about British explorer Henry Hudson. He is believed to have made four key journeys by ship from 1607 to 1611, searching for the Northwest Passage — an ice-free route to Asia — a task at which he never succeeded. His voyages all over the world resulted in several bodies of water being named after him: the Hudson River in New York, the Hudson Strait near Quebec and Hudson Bay, Canada, where he was allegedly marooned by his crew and likely died.

Hudson received funding from different companies along the way, including the Muscovy Company and the Dutch East India Company. Notably, the British were angry when they found out he worked for the Dutch.

Roald Amundsen

• Location explored: South Pole
• Dates: 1911
• Source of funding: Individual investors

Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was among the leaders of exploration in the early 1900s. He achieved international renown when he became the first to navigate a ship through the icy Northwest Passage in 1906. In 1910, Amundsen set out to be the first to reach the North Pole. When he realized that other explorers had beat him there, he changed course for the South Pole in a mad race with British explorer Richard Falcon Scott — and managed to keep the change in course a secret from his investors.

Amundsen reached Antarctica in 1911, five weeks before Scott’s team. In 1928, he went to help with the rescue of his friend, aviator Umberto Nobile, whose plane had crashed. But Amundsen’s plane encountered dense fog, and he was never seen again.

Louise Arner Boyd

• Locations explored: Arctic, North Pole
• Dates: 1926-1955
• Sources of funding: Personal wealth; the American Geographical Society

Louise Arner Boyd was a wealthy American heiress who inherited her family’s wealth after they died from influenza. Fascinated by the Arctic, she personally financed her first journey there in 1926 to hunt for polar bears. In 1928, she arrived again in time to loan her ships to the search for crashed aviator Umberto Nobile.

In 1933, the American Geographical Society sponsored several of Boyd’s expeditions to Greenland, where she landed further north along the coast than any prior expedition of that time. And in 1955, at the age of 68, she was the first woman to fly over the North Pole in a chartered plane.

David Livingstone

• Location explored: Africa
• Dates: 1853-1873
• Source of funding: British Royal Geographical Society

David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and medical doctor who is known for being the first European to cross the African continent between 1853 and 1856. He first won a small monetary prize from the British Royal Geographical Society in 1849, and it continued to fund his work.

Perhaps his most famous expedition was in the years 1866 to 1873 when Livingstone set out into Central Africa searching for the source of the Nile. He was believed missing for years until he was found in 1871 in Ujiji, living on the shores of Lake Tanganyika (now Tanzania).

Christopher Columbus

• Locations explored: Americas, Bahamas, Trinidad, Hispaniola
• Dates: 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502
• Sources of funding: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Castile, Spain

The Italian explorer who has often been erroneously credited with “discovering” the Americas actually just stumbled upon them in his search for a direct route from Europe to Asia. Christopher Columbus’ first mission in 1492 — which landed him on a Bahamian island — was funded by the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, Spain. The royal couple promised Columbus 10% of whatever he brought back.

Like his first trip, Columbus’ three subsequent voyages — to the Americas, Trinidad and Hispaniola — failed to afford discoveries of anything immediately valuable. After his brothers failed to create a successful settlement on the South American colony of Hispaniola, Columbus was arrested and brought back to Spain.

Columbus managed to convince Ferdinand to send him on one last voyage to Panama, where an attack by natives forced him to leave behind two of his four ships. In 1506, he died with little to show for his travels.

Vasco da Gama

• Location explored: India
• Dates: 1497
• Source of funding: King Manuel of Portugal

In July of 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama became the first man to sail from Europe straight to India, launching a new route for traders. He was funded by King Manuel, who felt pressure to compete with the Arabs for trading. Over subsequent voyages, da Gama established Portuguese trading ports and continued to advise King Manuel on Indian matters.

In 1524, King Manuel deemed da Gama a Portuguese viceroy in India, where he was sent to deal with corruption among Portuguese authorities. However, da Gama wound up dying that same year.